This video goes over the inside of a door handle that you would use in your house. Specific details will vary for different door handles. Parts covered in this video: handle, rosette, latch, latch assembly, and locking mechanism. The locking mechanism was simplified a lot. If you were to take a real one part you would find a lot more intricate parts.
source/image: Jared Owen
A door handle controls a door by manipulation of a latch – a mechanical fastener that joins two or more objects together. In this case, a latch connects the door with its frame and tends to embody a sliding bolt installed in the door and a receptacle in the frame.
The latch’s position is determined by the handle – which can take many forms including knob and lever. This is connected to the latch via a spindle and cylinder. When the handle is pulled/rotated, the action is carried by the spindle into the cylinder, which turns clockwise or anticlockwise depending on its orientation.
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The movement of the cylinder causes the attached bolt to be forced across the door’s internal face, sliding in/out of the frame’s latch receptacle allowing the door to be either opened or shut.